Like Water For Chocolate By Tita De La Garza - 948 Words

Like Water for Chocolate opens a new page in Latin American magical realism. This book, paradoxically combines reality and fiction, eroticism and mysticism, a love story and recipes of Mexican cuisine. Tita de la Garza, the main character of the story tries to protect her love and personal freedom. In her turn, Tita’s mother Elena is the one who does not let Tita fulfill her wishes. Elena blames Tita for all her problems, so Tita decided to spoil her life and deny any connection with Tita s lover instead of finding a common language with her daughter Elena deliberately makes Tita suffer. In order to satisfy her suppressed desires of body and emotions, she expresses them in the food that she prepares. Tita and her mother are the two main opposing characters who fight for their own desires. Trying to satisfy her wish for revenge, Elena tries to limit the wishes of Tita in all possible ways. In her turn, Tita has a strong optimistic spirit and tries to make her dream (to make Pedro love her) come true. It is clear that the actions of Elena are not fair but it she is still not aware of these actions and blindly follows her offense. While mother oppresses and punishes Tita, the sinister nature of Elena is also expressed to many other people: â€Å"It really was hard to meet Mama Elena s gaze, even for the captain. There was something daunting about it. It produced a nameless fear in those who suffered it; they felt tired and convicted for their offenses. They fell prisoner to aShow MoreRelatedLike Water For Chocolate By Laura Esquivel1660 Words   |  7 PagesLike Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel 1. a) In Like Water for Chocolate the novel deals with issues such as family relationships, the plight of women, sex, love, feminism, religion and to some extent morality. b) The author takes on a wide scale of real world subject and matters c) The characters as well as the plot are finely detailed. Each character serves are purpose whether they are functional or decorative. 2. a) The initial state in Like Water for Chocolate is when Tita is saddenedRead MoreThe Relationship Between Love And Suffering1349 Words   |  6 Pagesthe novel, Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel, we can see how Tita is condemned to suffering. Since Tita was born, she was in need of love from her mother, but she received love from the maid, Nacha, who took care of her and taught her the relationship between food and love. Nacha couldn’t explain to Tita the relationship between love and suffering. She learned it by herself when her mother, Mama Elena, denied her marriage with Pedro, and she was destined to follow the De La Garza family traditionRead MoreLike Water For Chocolate By Laura Esquivel1750 Words   |  7 Pages Like Water for Chocolate, inspiration for a new generation Maharshi Gurjar ENG4U0 June 9th, 2017 Ms. Wood Powerful as it is popular, Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel has been inspiring strength in women for nearly three decades. A politician, novelist, screenwriter and a teacher, Esquivel has lived a full life of experiences. Her first book and most popular, Like Water for Chocolate followed the life of Tita de la Garza, the youngestRead MoreLike Water for Chocolate1072 Words   |  5 PagesLike Water for Chocolate (Tradition) I just finished reading a great book called Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquiviel. Food is a major part of the story, and it is somewhat obvious as the title itself is about food. The novel carries many of the culinary traditions that Mexicans find very important in their culture. Mexican women play a big role in domestic life and must know how to prepare food. The ability of Mexican women to create dishes for every occasion is one that has become aRead MoreThe Relationship Of Food And Body849 Words   |  4 PagesSqualevella’s â€Å"Like Water For Chocolate† narrates the story of Tita De La Garza, a daughter, youngest in her a family living in Mexico. Each chapter of the story begins with a recipe. The author describes Tita’s sensitivity to onions. She uses the relationship between food and body as a means of communication and transferal in this novel. Firstly, the kitchen is a site of birth, heritage, and nourishment which provides a significant link be tween body and food. Throughout the novel, Tita uses food toRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Like Water For Chocolate1642 Words   |  7 Pagesand Within Weakness Gains Strength From the day Tita entered the world, her fate was sealed with the De la Garza’s family tradition, which lead to the cause of her pain and suffering from the hands of her mother, Mama Elena. Tita and Mama Elena’s estranged relationship was oppressed with complications from Tita’s premature birth and the sudden death of her father, which caused Mama Elena to reject her nurturing nature and discard bonding with Tita. Although Tita’s emotions would leave her in a weakenedRead MoreLaura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate Essay770 Words   |  4 PagesLaura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate The novel â€Å"Like Water for Chocolate† written by Laura Esquivel is a historical piece of South-American literature which is parallel to the Mexican Revolution which took place at the start of the twentieth century. The De La Garza family in the novel emphasizes certain similarities with the things going on during the Mexican Revolution, especially with the people in the lower rank. One important structural device used in theRead MoreThe Role of Gender In Like Water for Chocolate and The Boarding House1575 Words   |  7 PagesSome families place such a large importance on that role that it is impossible for a person to achieve his or her goals or live his or her life. Society binds people to strict standards that are difficult to avoid. In Laura Esquivels Like Water for Chocolate, Tita is forced to follow the tradition of her family. She cannot marry and is doomed to serve her mother for the rest of her life. Her two sisters, Rosaura and Gertrudis, are also effected by this tradition, but in different ways. JamesRead MoreAnalysis Of Tita s Like Water For Chocolate 1630 Words   |  7 Pagesand Within Weakness Gains Strength From the day Tita entered the world, her fate was sealed with the De la Garza’s family tradition, which lead to the cause of her pain and suffering from the hands of her mother, Mama Elena. Tita and Mama Elena’s estranged relationship was oppressed with complications from Tita’s premature birth and the sudden death of her father, which caused Mama Elena to reject her nurturing nature and discard bonding with Tita. Although Tita’s emotions would leave her in a weakenedRead MoreThe Role of Motherhood in Blood Wedding and Like Water for Chocolate647 Words   |  3 PagesHow do the mother and child relations, in the books, Blood Wedding and Like Water For Chocolate reveal the characteristics of the mothers? Mother and child relations are portrayed in our factual life, which affect the child, and it’s up bringing. Some relations are very solicitous and create a greater bond between each other, while some do not. The authors Federico Garcia Lorca and Laura Esquivel implement characters with relations of mother and child to show the characteristics of the mothers

The Pros and Cons of Birth Control Essay - 1270 Words

Women spend over 37 million dollars on birth control annually, making it one of the most prescribed drugs on the market. 10,540,000 women are currently on some type of orally ingested birth control. Although only a few side effects are harmful, there are some rare cases of death from birth control. 23 women in the United States died from the common birth control pill, Yaz or Yasmin, just in this past year. So how safe are women that take this? There are many different types of birth control. The most common type of birth control is the combination pill. The combination stops ovulation due to the hormones that it produces, estrogen and progesterone. Although its main purpose is to prevent pregnancy, it has also been known to lower†¦show more content†¦Although it is less effective, many women enjoy having significantly fewer side effects. â€Å"Theyre safer for smokers, diabetics, and heart disease patients, as well as those at risk for blood clots† (12 Types o f Birth Control.) The only downside about this type of birth control is that you have to remember to take it the everyday at the same time or else they are rendered useless. Like the combination pills, there is another type of progestin-only birth control. The progestin-only implant is a rod no bigger than a match stick that is highly effective for up to three years. The rod is inserted under the skin in the arm by a healthcare professional. Although it’s very effective, the cost usually turns people off to this method. The rod usually costs anywhere between $400 and $800. The Depo-Provera is a shot that does what every other birth control method does. Depo-Provera releases hormones that alter the levels of progestin and estrogen. The benefits are the same as the others by preventing pregnancy and periods but there is a downside with this method. After one stops taking Depo-Provera, it makes it hard to get pregnant for up to 10 months. For some women who have taken this, it took up to 18 months for them become pregnant. The most popular non-digestible type of birth control is the NuvaRing. Just like the combination pill, it releases prog estin and estrogen to stop ovulation. The NuvaRing is not surgically implantedShow MoreRelatedPros And Cons Of Birth Control1442 Words   |  6 PagesEven though birth control issues remain as a controversial topic from the early 18th century to now, the debate between Margaret Sanger and Winter Russel on the pros and cons of providing information about birth control strategies for the public was a foundation stone for today’s family planning policies and regulation of transmission of venereal disease in the United States of America. It is important to note that although in 1920 information about birth control strategies were banned from reachingRead MoreThe Method Of Birth Control Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is the best method of birth control (or contraception)? Is one better or more preferred than another? Are there any side effects that I should be concerned about? These are just a few of the many questions to ask when discussing various types of birth control m ethods with your doctor. There are many methods of birth control, beginning with abstinence which means having no sexual contact at all, which is 100% effective. The various methods differ greatly and have various rates of effectivenessRead MoreAbortion : A Female And Male s Sexual Intercourse951 Words   |  4 Pagesabortion.procon.org/) gives the pros and cons to a woman having an abortion. Levels of maturity and responsibility play an important role to deciding what action needs to take place during this decision making. One pro that my source gives is â€Å"Abortion gives pregnant women the option to choose not to bring fetuses with profound abnormalities to full term.† It later concludes â€Å"Some fetuses have such severe disorders that death is guaranteed before or shortly after birth. These include anencephaly,Read MoreWho In This World Is To Say To Us WhatS Wrong And Right?1721 Words   |  7 Pagesaround me go through the same so that s what pushed me to write a paper about abortion. Let s get started with some pros and cons of abortion to get a better understanding for you. First a pro , The US Supreme Court has proclaimed fetus removal to be a basic right ensured by the US Constitution.The milestone fetus removal case Roe v. Swim, chose Jan. 22, 1973 for premature birth rights, remains the rule that everyone must follow. The 7-2 choice expressed that the Constitution gives an assuranceRead MoreThe Best Kind of Sex Education708 Words   |  3 Pagesof most school-based sex education programs. Because there was no national policy on what to teach during sex education, the information taught varied widely. Contraceptives were illegal in some states so it was often not brought up. The first birth control pill was developed in 1960. Contraceptives were made legal for married couples in 1965. They were made legal for unmarried people seven years later. When asked what kind of sex education was taught at different schools 30% of the principals reportRead MoreAbortion : Affirmative Position Debate Outline1642 Words   |  7 Pagesprolife advocates. Pro-choice advocates believe that it is a woman’s right to choose whether or not she wants to follow through with a pregnancy regardless of the circumstances. In some cases women find themselves in difficult socioeconomic, health or emotional situations and thereby abortions are necessary in order for them to live fulfilling lives. On the other hand, pro-life advocates suggest that there are other viable options than abortion, such as adoption. This is because pro-life advocates believeRead MoreThe Issue Of The Legislative Process992 Words   |  4 Pageshave a say in which laws are passed. This is a look at the way this process works and can be used to develop laws that support the health care system. In this paper I will discuss a topic that I feel very strongly about;abortion. There are pros and cons to every choice and bill that is presented to the government. Changes are very difficult to make or have instituted. Sometimes it takes a very long time with much persistence and drive to make the points of interest clear and get legislatureRead MoreDietary Supplements : A Dietary Supplement901 Words   |  4 Pagesvitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, etc. more than half of adults in the United States use at least one type of dietary supplement. There are many pros and cons that come with using dietary supplements. Pros are they could help prevent certain diseases, they could correct and prevent nutrient deficiencies, and they help poor dietary habits. The cons are the side effects, potential toxicity, and they aren’t regulated. Dietary supplements could help prevent certain diseases because supplements offerRead MoreFunding Of Planned Parenthood And The Services1184 Words   |  5 Pages 1. Choose one position on the topic that you learned about during your research. What are the â€Å"pros† or â€Å"arguments for† that position? The topic I chose to research was the funding of Planned Parenthood, and the services they provide. One of the positions on this topic was to defund Planned Parenthood. The article, by Sarah Torre, Congress Should End Federal Funding to Planned Parenthood and Redirect It Toward Other Health Care Options discusses the idea that PP should not receive any governmentRead MoreVaccines : The Causative Agent Of A Disease Essay1378 Words   |  6 Pagesmany different vaccines that hold great importance, though there many pros, there are still some cons still not worked out. Ever since vaccines were created, many diseases have been cured, and millions of lives have been saved. Some of the major diseases that vaccines work to prevent are; Smallpox, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Measles, Neonatal tetanus, Hepatitis B, Tuberculosis, and Polio (Vaccines Bring 7 Diseases Under Control, 2016). These immunizations have been able to save about 9 million lives

Supply Chain Mapping free essay sample

The purpose of the supply chain map for Bell Aliant is to help visualize and understand material flow in addition to identifying stakeholder groups within the organization. In Bell Aliant’s organization many individuals and groups perform their daily work function without an understanding of their impact on the supply chain process. The supply chain map will be a training aid in communicating to the various stakeholders how they fit into the supply chain and help them understand the basic material flow from suppliers to end customers. Figure 1 – Bell Aliant Supply Chain Map At Bell Aliant end customers purchase products and services on a daily basis. Bell Aliant technicians are required to install hardware at the customer premise which can consist of multiple piece parts in order for the customer to avail of the ordered service. Technicians maintain a standard inventory in their vehicles and are required to replenish this stock by ordering material from the Bell Aliant inventory or directly from a supplier. We will write a custom essay sample on Supply Chain Mapping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ordering of stocked material from a Bell Aliant warehouse or ordering of non-stock material directly from a supplier is executed via systems which are supported by Bell Aliant’s finance group. Technicians also return new and used material to Bell Aliant warehouse locations when required and used material can be refurbished in a repair facility and set for resale. The supply chain operations group is responsible to maintain inventory at their warehouse locations. Logistics personnel perform a warehousing function, inventory control personnel, in conjunction with marketing product management, set stocking levels for warehoused material and the order management group issue required purchase orders to suppliers based on contracts that have been negotiated by Bell Aliant’s procurement team. Bell Aliant’s procurement group has established a ‘distributor model’ for the supply of faster-moving inventory items. Bell Aliant has contracts in place to purchase from a select group of five distributors who in turn are supplied with stock from original equipment manufacturers.

Animal Testing Kills Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing Kills Essay Hundreds of animals are dying everyday, and it can be avoided. Animal testing in thousands of companies is killing animals every day. In the essay They Knew But Little , the Kentuckians didnt care much about the environment, and today, there are still too many people that dont see that animal testing is cruel and unnecessary. Toxicity tests are inconclusive. The Lethal Dose 50% test or LD-50 forces increasing amounts of a test product until half of the test group dies. Animals are fed or injected with cosmetic products As the dose increases internal organs become blocked, rupture, and cause animals organs to not function and they bleed on the inside. If the animals are not murdered in the test, they are killed afterwards. Toxicity tests determine the effective toxicity for animals but not humans. They determine the toxic level for mice, dogs, rabbits, cats and chimpanzees, but not for young or old men and women. Some animals die in the test as a result of the volume of material, not the toxicity of the material. Most important, is the number of animals that suffer unnecessarily: why pour drain cleaner down the throats of animals, when humans would never do such a thing?Eye irritancy tests are outdated. Companies use the Draize Test to determine the irritancy of household products and cosmetics including l aundry soap, toilet cleaner, perfumes and shampoos. The animal being tested on is tied up so that movement is restricted. They are not given any pain killers or anything. Substances are dripped into the eyes of the animal ( usually rabbits in eye tests), and results are recorded over a period of three to twenty days. Some bad reactions result in irritation or blindness. Rabbits eyes have thinner corneas, and are more sensitive to inflammation than humans eyes. That is why it doesnt make sense to test something on an eye that will react differently to a humans. Skin tests are also not very cute They shave the area that will be tested on the animal, and then rub the product on the shaved skin. If the skin reacts badly to the product, they break their necks, throw them away, change the product then test it on another animal! So you ask What if the skin doesnt react They kill the animal anyways because they say that if they tested another product on it, and the product reacted, it could just be reacting to the other product that was tested firstly on the skin. Animal testing It causes unnessessary pain to hundreds of animals. It is a waste of lives. Some people say that animals dont have feelings Of course they do Specially the feeling of pain. Everything does. Imagine being tied up with ropes or hanging from a metal device, and having drain cleaner poured down your throat Its what hundreds of animals go through every day. And companies continue to Animal Test

The Importance Of Water To Life On Earth A Look At The Unique Structur

The Importance of Water to Life on Earth a look at the unique structure and behavior of the water molecule by Steven Luscher, Student Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water, life as we know it would not have been possible. This essay will examine the water molecule in order to ascertain how it brought about Earth's thriving ecosystem and how important it is to us today. ============================== ______________________________ ============================== Each water molecule consists of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom (or the apex of the water molecule) bears a slight electronegative charge while hydrogen possesses a more positive one1 (figure a). Because opposite charges attract, the water molecules are drawn together. When an oxygen atom is linked to a neighboring molecule's hydrogen atom, a bond called a hydrogen bond is formed2. In an ice crystal the hydrogen bonds govern the shape of the crystal so that the grid of molecules surrounds relatively large spaces (imagine figure b in three dimensions). In a liquid form, water has no such spaces; thus ice is less dense and will float on liquid water. If not for this, great bodies of water would freeze from the bottom up without the insulation of a top layer of ice and all life in the water would die. The water molecule is a very small one but because of its unique properties it behaves like a larger one. The bonds between water molecules are so strong that water resists changes in its state (Solid, liquid, gas); thus water has a higher melting point and a higher boiling point than another molecule of similar size. If water followed the example of other molecules its size it would have a boiling point of -75?C and a freezing point of -125?C4. This would mean that, on Earth, water would be a gas all of the time and life would not be possible. When heat is applied to solid water, some hydrogen bonds get so much kinetic energy that they break and the ice melts. Liquid water does not necessarily have all four hydrogen bonds present at all times but it must retain some of them5. For any object to penetrate water, it must be able to break the hydrogen bonds on the surface of the water. These bonds resist breaking thus forming a "skin" that allows small insects to walk on the surface of the water. Without the cohesiveness of water, those insects would not have survived. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving")6. It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules7. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it. Each water molecule will make a hydrogen bond w ith cellulose and pull another water molecule up from down below and so on. Without this feature (capillary action8), plants would find it more difficult to transport water up their stems to the leaves in order to make food through photosynthesis. Water has a very high heat capacity. Most of the heat introduced to water is used not to set water molecules in motion (giving them kinetic energy and causing their temperature to rise), but to move hydrogen atoms around between neighboring oxygen atoms9. If all of this heat was used solely to warm the water, living cells would boil in their own heat. Every action in a living cell releases some heat. If the heat was not dissipated by the water, all living things would cook themselves. In order for water to evaporate from the surface of liquid water, a certain amount of energy must be expended to break its hydrogen bonds. Because these hydrogen bonds are so strong, water requires a lot of heat to boil (100?C). When water vaporizes, it takes along all of the heat energy required to break its bonds thus having a powerful cooling effect on the

Ultimate and Penultimate

Ultimate and Penultimate Ultimate and Penultimate Ultimate and Penultimate By Maeve Maddox A DWT reader noticed this example of the use of penultimate as if it meant ultimate or best: a commentator at a tv broadcast of a national dog show commented on a particular dog (a close contender for best in show) being the penultimate dog of its breed group. Penultimate means â€Å"next to last.† The only way the dog referred to could be the â€Å"penultimate dog of its breed group† would be if it were one of two. Even then, the speaker would have to have some way of knowing which dog would be the last to die. Here are two more examples of writers using penultimate as if it meant ultimate: And since it is, after all, the penultimate in mens formal wear, screwing up the tux is also the penultimate faux pas. Ezine article With many benefits available to us in regards to protein, we should consider whey protein isolate as the penultimate source of protein. nutrition blog That the writer of the second example believes penultimate means something like â€Å"the most important† is further illustrated in the article I’m quoting from: â€Å"Whey is perhaps the healthiest form of protein that is available to our bodies.† (Yes, â€Å"in regards† is nonstandard.) I suspect that the extra syllable in penultimate leads some speakers to believe it must mean â€Å"more than ultimate,† the way the prefixes super- and extra- elevate the base words in superman and extraordinary. It doesn’t help that various manufacturers use the word penultimate to name their games, applications, and other products. Ultimate, from Latin ultimus, â€Å"last, final,† means â€Å"lying beyond all others.† The Roman poet Virgil coined the expression â€Å"Ultima Thule† to mean a far-off land or an unattainable goal. Medieval mapmakers applied the term to unexplored northern lands that lay beyond the borders of the world they knew. The prefix pene- means â€Å"nearly, almost, all but.† It occurs in a few obsolete English words, like pene-lake, â€Å"an expanse of water almost surrounded by land.† Like pene-, the pen- in penultimate is from Latin paene, â€Å"almost.† A peninsula is â€Å"almost an island.† The penultimate event or item in a series is â€Å"almost the last. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Farther vs. FurtherProved vs. Proven25 Idioms About Bread and Dessert

Structure and Framework of the Federal Courts Research Paper

Structure and Framework of the Federal Courts - Research Paper Example It is also out of the recognition that the constitution has for the broad nature of legal enforcement and the need to ensure that administration of justice and the enforcement of rule of law goes to the grassroots that there exists different parts and ranks of the court system, which is specifically assigned to interpret the constitution. This paper shall therefore visit the court system as the major framework that embodies the legal system and bring out the structure and role of the federal courts. Purpose and Function of the Topic One key aspect of the legal system in the United States and most other democratic states like United Kingdom and France is the court and the structure of it. In the United States, there is what is known as the Federal Court system, which has been vested with the power of interpretation of the law at the local level2. In essence therefore, the present topic, which is stated as â€Å"the structure and framework of the federal courts† seeks to achieve three major functions and purposes. The first purpose and function of the topic is to aid in the categorization of the federal court system. From a Congress viewpoint, the Supreme Court is the highest court in the land3. This Supreme court is overseen by a Chief Justice and eight other associate justices. But even within the Supreme Court, there are two constitutes of courts, which are the Appellate Court and Trail Courts. These bring the categorization down to smaller courts, which are made up of District Courts and Circuit Courts. In order to ensure that there is not at any point in time overburden on the courts in the jurisdiction of justice, there are as many minor courts as possible, all of whom have been assigned special duties, cases and roles to oversee and hear. Some of these include bankruptcy courts, magistrate courts, the U.S. Court of Claims, the U.S. Court of Veterans' Appeals, the U.S. Court of Military Appeals, the U.S. Tax Court, and the U.S. Court of International Trade. The second purpose and function of the topic is to clearly outline what the differences between a State Court and a Federal Court are. This is an important purpose to achieve with the topic because in a bid to educating the ordinary citizen of the legal system, it is very important for the citizen to have an idea of where to turn to in the event of different cases of legal concern. To this end, it would be said that unlike Federal Courts, most State Courts have very limited jurisdictions. From a legal perspective, this means that State Courts do not have as much power to trail wider range of cases as Federal Courts do4. Because of this, most judges in State Courts are appointed or elected only over a specified time frame and not for life as it is with Federal Courts. Some of the cases that a typical State Court would trail is reflective in the name of the court. Examples are probate court, family court, traffic court, municipal court, small claims court and juvenile court. F inally, this topic seeks to expatiate on the effectiveness of the sovereignty of the various levels of the Federal Court in the legal system and structure of the country. Indeed, one of the main principles on which the legal system works is the principle of independence. This means that every court must be given maximum room to operate without any form of interference from

Should the Stakeholders Investing in the Companys Assets Research Paper

Should the Stakeholders Investing in the Companys Assets - Research Paper Example The research includes a literature review to make the topic understandable. Red Bull should keep on investing in the formula one Championship for next year. Currently, Red Bull is one of the top Formula One racing tracks around the world. The Formula One circuit sports reporters regularly announce the standings and winning cars of each Formula One racing event. The sports writers’ informed the general public about the painstaking and scrutinizing victory of the Red Bull Formula One racing team to all racing and other sports fans in Sweden, in all Formula One race track, television, radio, and newspaper sports news. Red Bull is a beverage company that is strategically located in Sweden. As of 2007 alone, Red Bull sells 3.5 billion cans and bottles of its Red Bull products because the average Red Bull customer is not price conscious (Grisen, 2010). The Red Bull beverage company’s continued investment of next year’s Formula One events is part of the necessary promot ional aspect of the company’s overall marketing strategy. Simon Vigar reiterated (2008) just like in the prior years, the red bull name on one of the formula one race cars speeding past other competing cars often brings cheers, sadness, fear, and awe to the audiences watching the games. The Red Bull Formula One car is seen by thousands of fans visiting many Formula One grand prix circuits located around the world. During the live telecast and the news reports of the Formula One races, the Red bull name is seen by thousands of race track fans. Because of the sport news reports, the Red bull name will have free advertising in all the televisions, radio stations, and newspapers around the world. Thus, the cost of investing in the formula one circuit can be easily recuperated through the free news items found in the sports sections of the news papers, radio and television media around the world (Abele 2008). Business Question What strategies for developing a fast food chain? Aim – to identify the perception of product brand among the current and prospective clients Objectives: – to pinpoint the product brand store image held by this consumer group 1.To examine if there are different perceptions of product brand among the diverse age groups among the customers. 2. To determine which type of store brand is popular among the consumers. 3. To determine the competitors’ products and services with the aim of increase client base. Literature Review The marketing environment focuses on several theories. According to Hilton (2007), the SWOT analysis theory states that the company uses both internal and external resources in its decision making tools. According to the Managerial Accounting Studies, the theory states that the company must gather enough of its strengths to outsmart the competitors in terms of client generation and revenue increase. The theory states that the company should resolve all its weaknesses in order to have a successful bu siness or person endeavor. The company exerts all efforts to profit from its opportunities (Kumar, 2003). In addition, the company musters all its resources to hurdle all threats that come in the way of the way of the company’s achieving its aims and objectives. The marketing theory focuses on the four strategies. The company should focus on selling quality products and services (Czinkota, 2007). Product. Bucholz (2006) theorized that the company must implement some marketing changes to increase the clients’ demand for its products. The company must add additional shoe styles. The new shoe styles are based on the latest market segment trends. The company must increase the production of its ladies’

Prostitution - Analysis of Positivism and Classicism within Assignment

Prostitution - Analysis of Positivism and Classicism within Criminology via the Lens of Article - Assignment Example A discussion and analysis of the principle tenets of both positivism and classicism with regards to criminology will be engaged with.   Although it is not the purpose of this analysis to state that one approach is better than the other, the underlying goal is merely to state which one is the most effective in helping the reader to come to an appreciation of the causal and motivating factors that might have driven the individual to commit crime the first place. As a means of briefly describing the article to the reader prior seeking to define in terms of either positivism or classicism, the following serve as something of a brief summary. The article details the results of the plea bargain that was entered into by Ms Alexis Wright. Rather than facing a jury trial with over the charges, Ms Wright instead opted for a plea bargain that would see her serve 10 months in jail and pay a fine of just less than $60,000. Investigators case, the article reveals, had been gathering information upon Miss Wright as well as others involved, including client, for the space of nearly 2  ½ years. As with most high profile prostitution stings, Ms Wright’s enterprise made headline news in one of the nation’s most prominent newspapers due to two main factors (Seelye 1). The first of these is with regards to the high profile nature of her client list; referenced in the article is merely mayors, ministers, and high school coaches. The second deter minant that makes this high profile news is the fact that the actual place of prostitution served as both a Zumba studio and was located a mere stone’s throw from the vacation home of former Pres. George Bush. One of the hallmarks of the positivist’s school of thought with relation to criminology is the underlying belief that the individual/criminal is not always spurred on crime based solely upon free will. Rather, precipitating factors such as economic hardship, developmental impairment, or an otherwise incomplete worldview and/or understanding can just as easily lead an individual to commit a crime as can free will.  

Competitor Analysis and Global Strategy of Nestlé

Competitor Analysis and Global Strategy of Nestlà © Nestlà © depicts itself as a sustenance, nourishment, wellbeing, and health organization. As of late they made Nestlà © Nutrition, a worldwide business association intended to fortify the attention on their center subsistence business. They think reinforcing their authority in this market is the key component of their corporate procedure. This market is described as one in which the shoppers essential inspiration for a buy is the cases made by the item in light of dietary substance. Keeping in mind the end goal to strengthen their upper hand around there, Nestlà © made Nestlà © Nutrition as a self-ruling worldwide specialty unit inside the association, and accused it of the operational and benefit and misfortune obligation regarding the claim-based business of Infant Nutrition, HealthCare Nutrition, and Performance Nutrition. This unit plans to convey unbeaten business execution by offering shoppers trusted, science based sustenance items and administrations. The Corporate Wellness Unit was intended to incorporate healthful esteem included their sustenance and drink organizations. This unit will drive the nourishment, wellbeing and health association over all their sustenance and refreshment organizations. It includes a noteworthy correspondence exertion, both inside and remotely, and endeavors to nearly adjust Nestlà ©s logical and RD ability with purchaser benefits. This unit is in charge of organizing even, cross-business extends that address current client worries and additionally expecting future shopper patterns. Global Strategy Nestlà © is a worldwide association. Knowing this, it is not astounding that universal methodology is at the heart of their aggressive core interest. Nestlà ©s focused techniques are related predominantly with remote direct interest in dairy and other sustenance organizations. Nestlà © means to adjust deals between generally safe yet low development nations of the created world and high hazard and conceivably high development markets of Africa and Latin America. Nestlà © perceives the productivity potential outcomes in these high-chance nations, however vows not to go out on a limb for development. This procedure of supporting keeps development enduring and shareholders glad. When working in a created showcase, Nestlà © endeavors to develop and pick up economies of scale through outside direct interest in huge organizations. As of late, Nestlà © allowed the LC1 brand to Mà ¼ller (an extensive German dairy maker) in Germany and Austria. In the creating markets, Nestlà © develops by controlling fixings or preparing innovation for neighborhood conditions, and utilize the fitting brand. For instance, in numerous European nations most chilled dairy items contain now and then a few circumstances the fat substance of American Nestlà © items and are discharged under the Sveltesse mark name. Another methodology that has been fruitful for Nestlà © includes hitting key organizations with other substantial organizations. In the mid 1990s, Nestlà © went into an organization together with Coca Cola in prepared to-drink teas and espressos request to profit by Coca Colas overall packaging framework and aptitude in arranged refreshments. European and American sustenance markets are seen by Nestlà © to be level and wildly focused. Subsequently, Nestlà © is setting is sights on new markets and new business for development. In Asia, Nestlà ©s system has been to secure neighborhood organizations with a specific end goal to shape a gathering of self-sufficient territorial administrators who find out about the way of life of the nearby markets than Americans or Europeans. Nestlà ©s solid income and agreeable obligation value proportion abandon it with adequate muscle for takeovers. As of late, Nestlà © procured Indofood, Indonesias biggest noodle maker. Their concentrate will be basically on growing deals in the Indonesian market, and in time will hope to fare Indonesian nourishment items to different nations. Nestlà © has utilized a wide-range technique for Asia that includes creating diverse items in every nation to supply the locale with a given item from one nation. For example, Nestlà © manufactures soy drain in Indonesia, espresso flavors in Thailand, soybean flour in Singapore, treat in Malaysia, and grain in the Philippines, for territorial circulation.

Beauty and Genetic Enhancement :: Creative Writing Essays

Beauty and Genetic Enhancement      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nausea.   To describe the whole situation in one word I would have to choose nausea.   The Expo center was packed with societies elite,   eagerly waiting the announcement of what the rumor mill had told them to be the most important invention of the decade.   The air was cold and damp, like that of a hospital.   Barley audible was the most annoying Michael Bolton song that I could imagine.   As I got entranced by the dullness of the situation I noticed that the lights were slowly getting dimmer.   As Michael Bolton's voice became silent, Dr. Zimmerman spherical body came waddling out.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Zimmerman was a very large, gluttonous man.   I had worked with him many times, and I had lost more than one of my ideas to his fat hands.   He was ruthless, unemotional, and conscienceless; the perfect scientist.   He painstakingly climbed onto the two foot platform in front of the podium, making a little grunt that accidentally found its way into the microphone.   "Hello? Can you guys hear me in the back?"   He gurgled in his natural grotesque voice. With the acknowledgment of the audience, he sipped the glass of ice water which stood on the podium and cleared his throat.   "Ladies and Gentlemen, I am here to inform you of a discovery that my team of genetic scientist and I have discovered."   The more he said the more I wanted to hear. I wanted to shout to make him blurt it out, but it was impossible to speed him up, attention was the reason why he became a scientist.   He didn't care about the effects of his discoveries, as long as he packed the expo center the next weekend.  Ã‚   "The quest toward perfection is finally over.   Your unborn children now have the opportunity to be everything you ever wanted them to be!"   A large blue vein slowly became visible through his cherry red forehead. "Birth defects are a thing of the past."   Suddenly the severity of the situation slammed into me like a subway train.  Ã‚   "There will be no such thing as an imperfect child!"   The sound of flapping mucus in his throat was almost unbearable.  Ã‚   The applause began, I knew it wouldn't stop for at least ten minutes because Dr. Zimmerman wouldn't let it.   I ran to the bathroom to think about what had just happened.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dr. Zimmerman was referring to the G.A.M.   project, Genetic Alterations for Mankind.   The team of four was lead by him.   The goal was to alter DNA of freshly fertilized embryos, to control every one of their physical and mental

Inertia lab report Essay

A Rotational motion experiment is the simplest method of finding the Moment of Inertia. Minimum equipment is required to perform this experiment. For the purposes of increasing the accuracy of the results, the procedure should be repeated three times, making our conclusion more reliable. While load is moving downwards it’s potential energy converts to kinetic. Load is accelerating because weight(Fg=mg) of the load is bigger than tension on a string so load is not in equilibrium and by Newton’s Second Law (F=ma) resultant force creates an acceleration. Resultant force can be calculated by the equation S=0. 5at2+ut to find acceleration and F=ma. String rotates the spindle which rotates the disc by creating a torque(T=Fr). Torque accelerates the disc and it can be found by ? = . To find moment of inertia now T=I? equation is used. 1 Method and observation: Apparatus: 3 different size discs, spindle, ruler, set of weights, stopwatch, stand. Disc is attached to one end of the spindle and string with load is attached to the other end. Disc’s weight, diameter and radius are required to be measured before experiment. Length of the string (L), number of loops on the spindle (n) and horizontal distance of loops (H) were measured before experiment. Using equation below r is found. = 2 Spindle Disc String Stopwatch Weights Stand After setting all the equipment up the experiment starts. The string is then wrapped around the spindle. Time was measured for load pass the distance of length of the string. To plot graph one over time2 is required to be calculated. 4 different masses of the load are used in experiment is repeated 3 times every time mass is changed to make reduce random error. After finishing all the experiments on one of the discs other disc is placed and experiment repeats. When all the experiments are done and measurements are recorded mass against one over time2 is plotted using results. 3 graphs are going to be plotted for each disc. Gradient of the graph is constant k which we could use to find I using formulae below. When observed the string with vibrating and load was moving a little which can cause some systematic error. While spindle is spinning there is some friction which is neglected and the disc is vibrating while it is spinning which also cause some systematic error. = ? 2 2 Results MEASUREMENTS ON THE SPINDLE: MEASUREMENTS ON THE DISCS n= 8 L= 0. 26m DISC 1 (small) DISC 2 (medium) DISC 3 (large) Weight (kg) 0. 314 0. 490 Diameter (m) Radius (m) 0. 1 0. 127 0. 05 0. 0635 0. 696 0. 152 0. 076 H= 0. 026m r= 5. 14Ãâ€"10-3 DISC 1 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 2. 93 | 2. 73 | 2. 62 2. 76 0. 131 0. 15 2 | 2. 1 | 2. 23 2. 11 0. 225 1. 439 0. 000346 0. 2 1. 87 | 1. 85 | 1. 86 1. 86 0. 287 0. 22 1. 81 | 1. 74 | 1. 78 1. 78 0. 317 0. 000393 0. 000047 DISC 2 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 6. 49 | 6. 16 | 6. 33 6. 33 0. 0250 0. 15 4. 97 | 4. 77 | 509 4. 92 0. 0413 0. 686 0. 000726 0. 000988 0. 000262 3 0. 17 4. 38 | 4. 97 Z 4. 43 4. 43 0. 0510 0. 20 4. 00 | 4. 13 | 4. 08 4. 07 0. 0604 DISC 3 Weight (kg) Time (s) Average Time (s) 1/t? (s-2) K (m s? ) I (kg m2) experimental I (kg m2) theoretical ?I (kg m2) 0. 1 4. 21 | 4. 13 | 4. 17 4. 17 0. 0575 0. 15 3. 13 | 3. 27 | 3. 00 3. 13 0. 102 0. 290 0. 00172 0. 00201 0. 00029 4 0. 2 2. 73 | 2. 75| 2. 73 2. 74 0. 113 0. 17 3. 03 | 2. 77 | 2. 83 2. 9 0. 119 Calculations T=I? -3 T=Fr I = = = = ? = 2 1 = ? > 1 =km >k = 2 2 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I1e= 2Ãâ€"1. 439Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 000346ms? 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I2e= 2Ãâ€"0. 686Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 000726ms? 9. 8x(5. 14Ãâ€"10? 3 )? I3e= 2Ãâ€"0. 290Ãâ€"0. 26 =0. 00172 ms? I1t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 052Ãâ€"0. 314=0. 000393 ms? I2t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 06352Ãâ€"0. 490=0. 000988 ms? I3t=0. 5Ãâ€"0. 07602Ãâ€"0. 696=0. 00201 ms? ?I1=|0. 000393-0. 000346|=0. 000047 ms? ?I2=|0. 000988-0. 000726|=0. 000262 ms? ?I3=|0. 00201-0. 00172|=0. 000290 ms? 5 Error Analysis = 2 1(2 +2 ) + 2( + ) + = =? r= 0. 0005+0. 0005 ?r= 0. 26+0. 026 r x5. 14Ãâ€"10-3=1. 79Ãâ€"10-5 ?s=0. 00192 ?k=0. 176 ?I=1. 79Ãâ€"10-5Ãâ€"0. 00192Ãâ€"0. 176=6. 05Ãâ€"10-9 6 Graphical representation Disc 1. 1/s? 0. 35 0. 3 y = 1. 439x 0. 25 0. 2 0. 15 0. 1 0. 05 1/t? 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 Weight kg 1/s? 0. 16 Disc 2. 0. 14 y = 0. 686x 0. 12 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 1/t? 0. 04 0. 02 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 Weight 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 kg 7 Disc 3. 1/s? 0. 07 0. 06 y = 0. 290x 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 1/t? 0. 02 0. 01 0 0 0. 05 0. 1 Weight 0. 15 0. 2 0. 25 kg 8 Discussion From the results gained it can be concluded that larger and heavier the disc is greater the moment of inertia of a body. As we can see the gradient on the graphs are larger at larger discs. From theoretical values which it can be concluded that experiment was right. More time is taken to pass that distance for larger discs because the moment of inertia is bigger so it torque is required to accelerate the disc. However there were some random and systematic errors. One of the most effecting random errors is the human reaction error. It could be decreased by using light gate instead of stop watch. Using more accurate equipment for taking measurements of discs and spindle would decrease the error. Masses of the loads are not exact so more accurate loads would decrease the error. Conclusion Larger and heavier discs have larger moment of inertia so they require more torque to be accelerated.

Trademarked Words

Trademarked Words Trademarked Words Trademarked Words By Maeve Maddox In a recent post, Dont Do Due Diligence, I used the word Realtor as if it were a generic word for real estate agent: Not so very long ago, the only people I heard talk about â€Å"due diligence† were realtors. I should have caught myself on that. Realtor–with a capital–is the legally recognized trademark of the National Association of Realtors. The correct use of the word is to refer to members of the Association and not to real estate agents in general. As tends to happen with clever commercial coinages, Realtor is being pulled toward generic use because it strikes speakers as an apt and concise substitute for the longer term, real estate agent. I have a feeling that general usage will eventually claim Realtor as it has so many similar inventions, but as a professional writer, I can be expected to observe the conventions. Apologies for my lapse, therefore, are due the NAR. Here is a list of other trademarked words that many English speakers use generically. Each term is followed by a suggested alternative and the name of the trademarks owner. The list is by no means exhaustive. AstroTurf (artificial turf) Monsanto Band-Aid (adhesive bandage) Johnson Johnson Bubble Wrap (inflated cushioning for packaging) Sealed Air ChapStick (lip balm) Wyeth Consumer Healthcare Clorox (bleach) Clorox Company Coke (soft drink) Coca-Cola Company Crayola (crayon) Binney Smith Company Crescent Wrench (adjustable wrench) Crescent Tool Company Crock-Pot (slow cooker) Sunbeam Products Cuisinart (food processor) Conair Dumpster (front loader waste container) Dempster Brothers, Inc. Fiberglas (glass wool) Owens Corning Formica (wood or plastic laminate) Formica Corporation/Fletcher Building Freon (refrigerant) Dupont Frisbee (flying disk) Wham-O Google (Web search engine) Google Inc. Jacuzzi (hot tub/whirlpool bath) Jacuzzi Jeep (compact sport utility vehicle) Chrysler Kitty Litter (litter box filler) Ralston Purina Kleenex (facial tissue) Kimberly-Clark Memory Stick (flash memory storage device) Sony Ping Pong (table tennis) Parker Brothers Popsicle (flavored ice treat) Good Humor-Breyers Post-it (sticky note) 3M Q-Tips (cotton swabs) Unilever Scotch tape (clear adhesive tape) 3M Sharpie (permanent marker) Newell Rubbermaid Styrofoam (extruded polystyrene foam) Dow Chemical Company Super Glue (Cyanoacrylate adhesive) Super Glue Corporation Tarmack (asphalt road surface) Tarmac Taser (stun gun) Taser International Teflon (non-stick coating) Dupont The purpose in trademarking a name is to prevent it from being used to describe a similar product made by another manufacturer. If a permanent marker is a Sharpie, call it that; otherwise, call it a permanent marker. And when you use any of these terms, be sure to capitalize them and use hyphens or camel case as appropriate. Note: Camel case is the practice of writing compound words or phrases in a combination of capital and lowercase letters. For example: AstroTurf, ChapStick, iPhone, PowerPoint. Related post: Factoid and Tabloid Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers50 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)What Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays

An Explanation of Altruism in Primate Social Behavior essays Altruism is one of the most mysterious social behaviors in the world. Altruism is defined as behavior that increases, on average, the reproductive fitness of others at the expense of the fitness of the altruist. Fitness simply means the expected number of offspring. When an organism gives up the advancement of its own fitness for the fitness advancement of another organism in the population, it seems somewhat illogical. However, from the articles Ive read, survival of the fittest and natural selection, in reference to an entire species or population, is often dependent on the altruistic actions of others in a population. Another concept learned from studying journals regarding altruism is that altruistic behavior is far more complex than normally thought. Altruism can be traced throughout the evolution of many species, especially primates. It has been a focal point in the research of many natural scientists, anthropologists and biologists alike. The four articles I chose to analyze and explain altruism in the realm of primate social behavior were A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism, Varieties of altruism - and the common ground between them, The pursuit of human nature in sociobiology and evolutionary sociology, and Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. These four journals each give a different perspective and different concepts on the behavior known as altruism. A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism was written by Herbert Simon and published in Science, a recognized academic journal. The journal takes a rational approach to analyzing and reasoning the reason for altruism in primate social behavior. It basically says that within the framework of Darwinism and natural selection, with its focus on fitness, it has been hard to account for altruism, behavior that reduces the fitness of the altruist but...

The Quality of Interpretive Provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Quality of Interpretive Provision - Essay Example According to the study conducted Natural England manages Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) including some of the country’s wonderful and splendid habitats. Globally famous wildlife sites are ranked as Special Areas of Conservation (SACs), Special Protection Areas (SPSs). Natural England has fixed themes and priorities for 2008-2011 for the use of ALSF grant. Out of the selected themes, theme 4 dealing with education and understanding stresses on the provision of educational and interpretive opportunities in the context of landscape, biodiversity and geo-diversity constituents of the natural environment on and in proximity to the sites affected by extraction. Innovative approaches to education and interpretation is one of the priorities of theme 4. See the map below for the number of grants and their percentages for various regions of the Natural England. Effective interpretation must be fulfilling the audience expectations. It should provide vivid experience to the l isteners. It should be a planned composition and adhere to an essential theme so that the visitor follows it and feels engrossed to match it with own similar experiences. Audience should get a feeling of reverence by the interpreter. The researcher states that heritage interpretation has progressed in the past decades to become mellowed since Freeman Tilden wrote ‘Interpreting our Heritage’ in 1957. Interpretation has played a significant part in enlivening decreasing urban, industrial and rural regions via tourism and conservation programmes. ... Direct interaction with the visitors can be customised as per visitors’ inquiries and interests by answering 'on the spot’; comparatively interpretive signage is less flexible as the visitors can not provide instant response on signage. It is, therefore, critical for signage to be much more pertinent than other kinds of interpretation (UQ, 2006). Ideally interpretive signs should be inspected from visitors’ point of view, their inquisitions, anxieties and their knowledge. The visitors’ responses should form the basis of an interpretive signage (UQ, 2006). Warning Signs Extra precaution needs to be taken for not creating any ambiguity over the content of the message for double-meaning and culturally particular statement. It is more relevant while designing warning signs, as any wrong communication can be detrimental to the life of visitors. Local people may be well aware of possible environmental risks but visitors have no idea of the place. Therefore, wani ng signs need to provide functional information for the prevention of possible loss (UQ, 2006). Designing warning signs There are four key elements that a warning sign include, which are the word ‘Warning’, or ‘Caution’, a sentence about the risk, a possible outcome of ignoring the risk and instructions on taking precautions, as shown above (UQ, 2006). A warning sign should be easily visible and differentiable from general instructions such as interpretive information. It can be written in colour for enhanced visibility, as red colour is linked with danger zone. Contrast between the background and text provides clarity to the message (UQ, 2006). Size The size of the alert message and the type font used is critical although research is not

Logistics Problems Generated by Crossrail and Their Solutions Essay

Logistics Problems Generated by Crossrail and Their Solutions - Essay Example to be able to solve these problems it is necessary to identify the root cause of the problem and try to tackle it so that it does not come up again. Crossrail has managed to realize some of these problems and has already provided solutions to them. This paper will give a brief introduction to crossrail and its intended advantages, it will then discuss the logistic problems that will be generated by the construction work, and it will follow by outlining solutions to these problems before making a conclusion. Introduction Crossrail is an ambitious project to build a major railway link in central London. The name is used to refer to the first two routes which are under the responsibility of Crossrail Limited. It is based on a different and new east-west tunnel with a central section from Paddington to Liverpool street station. This project was approved in 2007 after a very long time of debate. The crossrail act received royal assent in July 2008 (Crossrail, 2011). The services offered w ill complement the enhanced north-south Thames link route. Ten-car trains are expected to run at frequencies of up to 24 trains per hour in each of the channels through the central tunnel section. In the original plan the first train was scheduled to run in 2017 but in a comprehensive review in 2010 that saw the saving of ?1 billion changed the initial plan to 2018. Fig. 1 Crossrail route Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CrossrailLine1Map.svg#filehistory Crossrail benefits The benefits of constructing the cross rail are many. The first benefit is easing transport problem in London which has been a huge headache for London. The second benefit is that it will provide better access to the capital for over 750,000 workers who are said to commute daily into London. Lastly the project is also aimed at providing job opportunities to many people who will be employed in the in the construction process and after the completion of the project to manage the various services offered by the train service. It is estimated that crossrail will generate up to 14,000 jobs when the construction reaches peak (Crossrail, 2011). Fig 2 source: http://forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=158506&page=7 Fig 3 source: http://www.thameslinkprogramme.co.uk/cms/pages/view/33 Fig 4 source: http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/flickr_api/set_list.php?page=2&uid=72157627734615808&title=Crossrail%20Royal%20Oak%20Portal Fig 5 finished product Source: http://www.ianvisits.co.uk/flickr_api/set_list.php?page=2&uid=72157627734615808&title=Crossrail%20Royal%20Oak%20Portal Logistics in construction Logistics refers to the efficient transfer of goods and services from the source of supply through that manufacturer to the consumer in a cost effective manner that will provide service to the customer (Rushton, Croucher, & Baker, 2006, p. 6). Logistic management tries to minimize costs by providing a cost effective system across the whole process and ensuring the evaluation of facilities and issues tha t may have any impact on logistic costs and make the product conform to the customers’ requirements. Many construction projects ranging from the small projects to the major projects like the crossrail project face many logistic problems that contractors work hard every day to avoid. The proper management of logistic issues will either lead to the successful implementation of a project or lead to its failure. Research has shown that effective logistic management has rarely been applied in construction

Integration of Public Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Integration of Public Schools - Essay Example This paper approves that social change, and such a drastic change at that, takes time and effort to come into place, and prove fruitful. To expect people to redesign their thinking patterns to incorporate new social laws and ideals overnight is close to a fantasy; indeed, with time, the African American population was eventually integrated into the white society, starting with the denouncement of slavery, and extending to the desegregation of the educational system. This paper analyzes the sudden movement of the African American population from the southern states into states like Wisconsin, who’s percentage of the African American population increased by six hundred percent in a span of twenty years, caused unforeseen circumstances for the white population, which often reacted violently against the integration protests. These movements were considered a matter of the southern states, and suddenly the northern states were exposed to them as well. This paper tells that the late 1900s and especially the decades of 1960s and 1970s witnessed a great upheaval in the social set up of the United States in the form of the great Civil Rights movement. Although this movement had been picking up pace since the late 1800s and the early 1900s, it wasn’t till the late twentieth century that the general public and the legal bodies of the states started considering it a poignant issue.... in the northern states at that time, as compared to the political uprisings in the south; indeed, the Civil Rights movements for the rights of the African American population commenced from the southern states, which witnessed repeated protests, movements, walks, and boycotts (â€Å"Desegregation†). The northern states provided a much more peaceful and politically tranquil environment for the African American families to settle. There was also the attraction of better educational opportunities for their children (â€Å"Desegregation†). Although the constitution had afforded ‘separate but equal’ (Riley) laws, this segregation posed a lot of hindrances in the advancement of education for the students, especially the African American students, who could only attend schools in their own neighborhoods that were secluded from the white majority areas (Riley). There was a need for integration of both communities, so that education, both in the classroom and in the playground, could be properly imparted (Riley). In light of several amendments in the constitution (â€Å"Desegregation†), the government was also beginning to view the segregation as an unconstitutional act (â€Å"New Orleans†). It was no surprise, then, that the Civil Rights movement would address the desegregation of public schools. On the other hand, there were the anti-desegregation groups, which were largely formed by the white supremacist members (â€Å"Desegregation†). It was no surprise that the white community would react against such rulings by the court. It was largely accepted as law to discriminate on the basis of color and ethnicity, as there was no constitutional ruling as yet to mark such actions as unlawful (â€Å"Desegregation†). Indeed, it was stated in the constitution of South Carolina:

Conducting a management project Essay Example for Free

Conducting a management project Essay Introduction The project, as requested by the manager; is to come up with the ways that my team can make more savings in the company for the company and for their own growth. This was because the company has not been making savings as they had targeted in the beginning of their business year and the savings are even less as compared to the other financial years yet the company still appears to be run under the same principals. The project is aimed at coming up with the research and recommendations for actions to be taken to manage and change the situation at the company and write a suitable report on this. The report written at the end of this research is going to benefit the company in generating more profits and the employees in self-development. It is also going to cultivate the culture of team work, innovation and entrepreneurial culture among the employees. Simply put, the benefits derived from project management increase in proportion to how well project management processes are used. A well -executed project will be completed on time, within its approved budget. A well-executed project will deliver higher product quality by managing the time to design and test the new product. It will provide great satisfaction to its team, and it will meet (or exceed) the customers’ expectations. In todays business environment, it is critical that each project is run in the most efficient manner possible. For a project-oriented business, it is equally imperative that all projects are managed consistently, so that the benefits of well -executed projects extend corporate wide. The data that was used in this research was collected from the employees, customers and other stakeholders in the company. In preparation for the data collection, it is important to note that a diverse sample of the host companys employees is required in order to address the breadth of the organizational structure and the full range of roles and responsibilities of participants. Input to the list of interview participants should be secured from the company sponsor, but it   is the assessors function to challenge the sample to ensure it meets the needs of a balanced assessment. The assessor should recognize a tendency of most sponsors to provide participants who already are highly rated and can demonstrate high performance.   The participant pool needs to include these participants, but not be limited to them. All divisions of the corporate structure should be represented, including functional and supporting departments. In selecting the interview sample, the assessor should consider the population density of the host company’s divisions, revenue generated by the divisions, project count or cost, or several other attributes. The total number of interviews to be conducted must be limited to a number that is appropriate for the size of the host company; it is organizational structure and the time period in which the study is required. These factors also drive the composition and size of the assessment team. The methods used in the collection of data and information include; use of questionnaires, observation, collecting samples, taking pictures, oral interviews, reading on recorded materials. The process was not that easy since it was hard to get some confidential information especially on the accounts records of the company and some of the employees felt like they were being spied on and did not give the precisely correct information. Also collecting information from my seniors proved to be a bit hard, but all in all the information and data required for the research was successfully corrected. In all the methods used face to face conversation proved to be the best way to obtain information. Some of it advantages include; A people -to-people tool within a people oriented business Project management is ultimately a people -oriented business that requires personal interactions by and between all of the project team members. Face-to-face interviewing extends this principle to maturity assessments. Not only does the interview provide an interpersonal connection between the interviewer and the interview participant, it allows the interviewer to begin to assess the â€Å"people skills† of the personnel assigned to manage projects at the subject company. Interview participants who display grace and condor during the interview are more likely to carry those traits into their project teams, and are more likely to be open to the recommendations for change or improvement that will flow from the assessment study. Conversely, interview subjects who are less cooperative or more belligerent during the interviews are less likely to readily adopt new suggestions. Reveals actual, as well as intended behaviours conducting face-to-face interviews allows the interviewer/assessor to discover how the project team members at the subject company conduct their project business on a day-to-day basis. It is the only tool in the assessors toolbox that provides a means to evaluate the validity of several of the other tools, such as a review of policy manuals, or a project document search. Policy statements and procedures manuals provide guidance into how the subject company believes it should or wants to do work. By engaging project team members in open conversations, the interviewer can elicit comments that reveal, â€Å"What we really do† vs. â€Å"what we think we do† or â€Å"what we are supposed to do?† Additionally, by discussing different types of project reports with the people who write them, or use them, the assessor can gain insight into the value placed on each report. A simple document review, while important, can only indicate that a report exists, not that it is a valued tool, used by the project team to help control their projects, or by management to monitor progress. Provides opportunity to observe the corporate culture of the subject company. Corporate culture creates different patterns of behaviour at different companies that can have a significant impact on the outcomes of projects. The degree of openness to hearing and dealing with project issues, demonstrating appreciation for project successes, and the amount of information sharing between functional groups working on a project all contribute to the ultimate success of a project. All companies probably would respond affirmatively to possessing these traits; not all companies truly demonstrate these traits positively. During one-on-one conversations with working- level project team members, the assessor can learn how well the subject company responds to project information, or how often it â€Å"shoots the messenger. Difficulties associated with face-to-face interviews Need to establish credibility of assessors As an outsider, the assessment team will often encounter a â€Å"Who-are -you-and-why-should -I-give-you-any-of- my time?† reluctance to participate amongst the project management community at the subject company. This attitude can stem from two general sources: a general distrust of consultants and management’s motives for hiring them; or insufficient information about the assessors’ credentials. Neither of these difficulties is insurmountable, but neither can be ignored. And both can be addressed initially by a carefully worded introduction from the assessment’s sponsor within the host company. The sponsor for the assessment necessarily must possess sufficient status within his/her own organization to approve, or be able to solicit approval for the funding needed to conduct the assessment study. This status can be leveraged to convey the credentials of the assessment team to the host organization. The assessors must be introduced to the project management community in terms that readily establish the expertise and experience of the assessment team with this type of work. This also implies that the assessment team must be comprised of, or, at the least, be led by experienced, senior project managers, whose personal credentials will inspire confidence in the interview participants. Need to secure cooperation of interview participants. The assessor also needs to recognize that many people within the host company’s project management organization(s) will not view the assessment in an entirely positive light. Although the study is intended to be a continuous-improvement effort, it may still be perceived to stem from something being wrong, or judged to be not good enough. The outside assessor could be viewed as Management’s vigilante enforcer, coming in to identify and punish the under-achievers in project management. The assessor must defuse this impression, a task that can best be done if the assessor knows where the host company’s â€Å"sore spots† exist and why the host company has elected to conduct the assessment. Here again, the status of the assessment sponsor can be of great help in overcoming the reluctance of the interview participants. The sponsor’s introduction of the assessment team can be used to share the rationale for the study and remove much of the apprehension that could surround it. Need to prepare thoroughly. During each interview, it will be beneficial to allow conversation to flow in a freewheeling manner, rather than following a rigid, checklist question and answer. For this to work, the assessor/interviewer must be adequately prepared to conduct the interview. The assessor must know the assessment model in great detail, and be able to detect different levels of maturity for each knowledge area, regard less of whether or not the interview respondent uses catch phrases and key words from the model in his/her comments. It is the assessor’s responsibility to be able to take appropriate notes during the interview without disrupting the flow of the interview by having to shuffle papers or stumble from one topic to the next. The assessment team can help prepare for the interviews by constructing an easy -to-use interview form that guides them through the different areas, and offers reminders of key phrases to listen for. By creating the form, the team members will increase their familiarity with it, and find it more beneficial as a guide. Additionally, by constructing their own form, the assessment team members will afford themselves the opportunity to reacquaint themselves with the details of the assessment model. Compiling, synthesizing, and evaluating the information from all interviews. Specific data from individual interviews can be compiled if a set of common questions, with a short range of possible answers, is used for all interviews. In this circumstance, it is recommended that a set of standard analytical measures are identified prior to the interview phase, but it should not be assumed that these standard measures will adequately address the entire information content collected. The synthesis of the information is a process that requires the individual assessors to subjectively analyse the comments they heard and recorded during the interviews and identify common themes and touch-points along the maturity continuum. The assessors must then collaborate to yield consistent interpretation of the interview and confirm that the data gathered is appropriate for further evaluation. The assessors must collectively review the compiled data, interrogate it for trends and errors, and determine whether trends identified warrant further analysis. From the information gathered in data collection, many things can be realised; there is no transparent audit of the books of accounts in the company, the employees are taking bribes from the customers in return for unauthorised favours, the employees are very relaxed in their work and lack motivation, the board members are conduction the staffing process in a questionable manner, the employees were taking unnecessary and expensive trips at the expense of the company, the directors have very high unwarranted allowances, the taxes due to the government are not fully settled and the overall running of the firm is questionable. The things that need to be done urgently to make sure that the company is saved from being bankrupt and that it gives some profits are; there should be an immediate external audit of all the books of accounts in the firm, the recruitment and staffing in the firm should be done on the basis of qualification and therefore there should be a vetting process to eliminate all those who are there illegally, all the directors should be vetted and those found to be corrupt should be retrenched, the company should have a new board of directors, all the employees should sign a performance contract which should be followed strictly. Conclusions; the use of face-to-face interviews in Project Management Maturity Assessments has proven to contribute most and convey the project management actualities within any host organization. If executed correctly, the face-to- face interview will yield most insight into the host organizations current maturity and point to pockets of excellence as well as areas requiring correction. Although it is not recommended that an assessment be conducted using only face-to-face interviews, it is strongly recommended that a face-to-face interview always be included in an assessment. References Dove, K. E. (2002).  Conducting a successful development services program: A comprehensive guide and resource. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Fernald Environmental Management Project (U.S.), United States., United States., United States., Lippitt, J. M., Kolthoff, K. (1995).  Successful completion of a RCRA closure for the Fernald Environmental Management Project. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Thomsett, M. C. (2002).  The little black book of project management. New York: AMACOM. Tjahjana, L., Dwyer, P., Habib, M. (2009).  The program management office advantage: A powerful and centralized way for organizations to manage projects. New York: American Management Association. Weir, J. R. (2009).  Conducting prescribed fires: A comprehensive manual. College Station: Texas A M University Press. Wysocki, R. K., Beck, R., Crane, D. B. (2000).  Effective project management. New York: Wiley.

Phantom Limbs Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Phantom Limbs Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is a serious condition that occurs when a person who has lost a part of their body though amputation, trauma (brachial plexus), or loss of nervous connections in an appendage, perceives that the limb is still there and experiences sensations coming from this area. It was first described in 1866 by S. Weir Mitchell, an American neurologist, through a short story published in Atlantic Monthly. While Mitchell may then have wondered if this was specific to wounded Civil War soldiers, it has since been established as quite common (1). Over 70% of amputees report phantom limb pain for years after amputation (2). Several theories have been proposed regarding PLP, although there is still much to be learned and understood. Early physicians believed that phantom limb sensations were caused by severed nerves that fired randomly, sending signals to the somatosensory cortex re-creating sensations seemingly coming from the missing limb. However, this theory was soon disprov ed when surgeons tried unsuccessfully to eradicate these sensations by cutting the nerves leading to the neuromas, preventing the neuromal signals from reaching the cortex. Researchers then began to concentrate on the role of the spinal cord in PLP, but realized that paraplegics with completely severed spinal cords still experienced sensations where their limbs had been (5). Focus then turned to the brain and its role. Until the mid 1980's, it was widely believed that once neural pathways were placed during fetal development, these pathways did not change and were not altered in any recognizable way (3). However, recent studies have shown that the brain has a high degree of plasticity into adulthood, which allows it to continuall... ...opens the doors to looking at the neuromatrix and corollary discharge signals in the brain and the influence that these prewired expectations may have on the body, especially pain. These ideas are the key to providing long-term pain management for PLP patients. Works Cited: 1. Yang, Tony T., Gallen C., Schwartz, B., Bloom, F.E., Ramachandran, S. Cobb, "Sensory Maps in the Human Brain," Nature, vol. 368, 14 April 1994: 592-593. http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/axon6.html 2. Flor, H., Elbert,T., Knecht, S., Wienbruch, C., Pantev, C., Birbaumer, N., Larbig, W., Taub, E., "Phantom Limb Pain as a Perceptual Correlate of Cortical Reorganization Following Arm Amputation," Nature, vol. 375, 8 June 1995: 482-483. http://www.bfe.org/protocol/pro05eng.htm 3. Grobstein, Paul, Class Lecture. Neurobiology and Behavior. Bryn Mawr College. February and April 1998. Phantom Limbs Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers Phantom Limbs Phantom Limb Pain (PLP) is a serious condition that occurs when a person who has lost a part of their body though amputation, trauma (brachial plexus), or loss of nervous connections in an appendage, perceives that the limb is still there and experiences sensations coming from this area. It was first described in 1866 by S. Weir Mitchell, an American neurologist, through a short story published in Atlantic Monthly. While Mitchell may then have wondered if this was specific to wounded Civil War soldiers, it has since been established as quite common (1). Over 70% of amputees report phantom limb pain for years after amputation (2). Several theories have been proposed regarding PLP, although there is still much to be learned and understood. Early physicians believed that phantom limb sensations were caused by severed nerves that fired randomly, sending signals to the somatosensory cortex re-creating sensations seemingly coming from the missing limb. However, this theory was soon disprov ed when surgeons tried unsuccessfully to eradicate these sensations by cutting the nerves leading to the neuromas, preventing the neuromal signals from reaching the cortex. Researchers then began to concentrate on the role of the spinal cord in PLP, but realized that paraplegics with completely severed spinal cords still experienced sensations where their limbs had been (5). Focus then turned to the brain and its role. Until the mid 1980's, it was widely believed that once neural pathways were placed during fetal development, these pathways did not change and were not altered in any recognizable way (3). However, recent studies have shown that the brain has a high degree of plasticity into adulthood, which allows it to continuall... ...opens the doors to looking at the neuromatrix and corollary discharge signals in the brain and the influence that these prewired expectations may have on the body, especially pain. These ideas are the key to providing long-term pain management for PLP patients. Works Cited: 1. Yang, Tony T., Gallen C., Schwartz, B., Bloom, F.E., Ramachandran, S. Cobb, "Sensory Maps in the Human Brain," Nature, vol. 368, 14 April 1994: 592-593. http://zygote.swarthmore.edu/axon6.html 2. Flor, H., Elbert,T., Knecht, S., Wienbruch, C., Pantev, C., Birbaumer, N., Larbig, W., Taub, E., "Phantom Limb Pain as a Perceptual Correlate of Cortical Reorganization Following Arm Amputation," Nature, vol. 375, 8 June 1995: 482-483. http://www.bfe.org/protocol/pro05eng.htm 3. Grobstein, Paul, Class Lecture. Neurobiology and Behavior. Bryn Mawr College. February and April 1998.

Indira Gandhi Essay

The period in history usually considered to have begun with the first use of the atomic bomb (1945). It is characterized by nuclear energy as a military, industrial, and sociopolitical factor.Also called atomic age. The Nuclear Age Began When The US Detonated The First Atomic Bomb On June 16, 1945, America detonated the first atomic bomb, starting the atomic age and the biggest arms race in the world. Although the first attempts to make atomic bomb initiated in Nazi Germany they weren’t successful until the US president Franklin D. Roosevelt in cooperation with the British government authorized the â€Å"Manhattan Project† in order to research about production of atomic bomb. A group of top scientists of the time worked for the project with the distinguished physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer being the head of the group. They succeeded to make the first atomic bomb in the US which was detonated in what is now called Trinity in New Mexico. Perhaps at first it was believed that the US would not use that lethal weapon against the mankind but soon people of two big cities in Japan fell victim to America’s atomic bombs. On August 6, 1945, a bomber in US Air Force 509th Bomb Squadron called Enola Gay- which is now kept in a museum in Washington- left a US base in the south of Pacific Ocean and detonated an atomic bomb named â€Å"Little Boy† over the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The direct and the indirect death toll caused by this bombardment are estimated to exceed 140,000. This however was not the end as three days after Hiroshima bombing, another atomic bomb, called the â€Å"Fat Man† killed 73,000 and injured 74,000 people in Nagasaki, Japan, not including those who later were found to be the victims of the bombing. Of course there was another bomb made in the Manhattan Project which was never used. Oppenheimer regretted his participation in the Manhattan project after a while and began to speak against nuclear arms, and thus was removed from the project. His regret was of no use though. The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb on August 29, 1949, with the help of Oppenheime r’s friend, Klaus Fuchs. To keep its superiority in the arms race, the US began the research for making hydrogen bombs and could successfully detonate it in November, 1952. No country has so far used nuclear arms for military purposes except for the US. There is however concerns over some countries possessing nuclear arms, especially as some of them have refused to sign the Non-Proliferation of  Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT). â€Å"[Until September 9, 2009] there are over 20,000 nuclear weapons around the world. Many of them are still on hair-trigger alert, threatening our own survival,† said Ban Ki-Moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations, in the Annual DPI/NGO Conference. 18,500 of these bombs were made by the US and Russia. All five permanent members of the UN Security Council –America, France, Russia, China, and Britain- have atomic bombs and have been recognized as nuclear powers in the NPT. The NPT recognizes the countries that owned or detonated nuclear bombs or arms before January 1, 1967 on the condition that they would gradually be disarmed and destroy all their atomic bombs. The museum sketches the history of the nuclear age, which started with the first atomic bomb test in the New Mexico desert in 1945. For a hundred years of war, culminating in the nuclear age, military technology was designed and deployed to inflict casualties on an ever-growing scale.

Confidentiality and Minors

Confidentiality is an essential component to the counseling process. It allows for the client to build a trustful relationship with the counselor. â€Å" Counselors regard the promise of confidentiality to be essential for the development of client trust† (Glosoff & Pate, 2002). Most individuals that seek counseling services assume that what is discussed in the counseling sessions with the counselor will be kept in confidence with limited exceptions. These exceptions become a complex balancing act for the counselor especially when their clients are minors. Confidentiality is a widely held ethical standard a variously accorded legal right of clients and responsibility of counselors (American Counseling Association, 2005: American School Counseling Association, 2010). According to the Ethical Standards for School Counselors and the Code of Ethics and Standards for Counseling (2010), both specify that counselors are ethically required to take appropriate action and breach confide ntiality in certain circumstances involving minors.Counselors are required to breach confidentiality if there is imminent danger to self and others, if there is suspected child abuse or neglect or to protect a vulnerable client from danger. There are other limitations to confidentiality and minors as well. Some of these limitations involve parents and their right to know what is happening in counseling sessions between the therapist and their child.This problem is one that schools counselors and clinical therapists must face when counseling minors. Counselors in both clinical and school settings are faced with ethical issues with regards to confidentiality each time they encounter a client that is a minor. School Counselors have a variety of roles and responsibilities to students, teachers, parents and administrators (Iyer, McGregor & Connor, 2010).According to the American School Counseling Association (2004), it is the responsibility of the school counselor to help a child develop effective coping skills, identify personal strengths and assets, recognize and express feelings and provide a foundation for the child’s personal and social growth as he or she progresses from school to adulthood as apart of the process. School Counselors must collaborate with all persons involved with the minor in this process, which usually includes the parents and teachers. SchoolCounselors are also sometimes asked to be apart of child study teams within the school, which can be very beneficial to the students and those involved in their lives. School Counselors must follow the American School Counseling Association’s ethical standards for School Counselors regarding confidentiality. In beginning sessions between the client and the school counselor confidentiality should be discussed and the conditions in which it may have to be breached. According to Lazovsky (2010), The management of student confidentiality has been described as the primary ethical dilemma of sch ool counselors.There are various ethical and legal issues that arise for School Counselors when dealing with confidentiality. School Counselors are required ethically to report when a student engages in clear and imminent danger to themselves or others. Some school counselors base their decision to breach confidentiality on how imminent the danger is that is being presented by the situation. â€Å"Most counselors would agree parents should be informed of drug experimentation by an 8 year old. Many however, would disagree to tell parents that a 16 year old client reported occasional experimentation with marijuana† (Glosoff & Pate, 2002).This example shows that school counselors should use discretion when deciding to breach confidentiality. These two minor clients are different but each situation has a variety of ways that it could be handled. According to Lazovky (2008), school counselors are advised to consult with supervisors and colleagues before making decisions based on b reaching confidentiality. They should also know their state policies and laws in the school jurisdiction. Another ethical and legal issue that can arise for school counselors counseling minors in relation to confidentiality is the disclosure of student provided information to parents.Privileged communication is apart of confidentiality. Privileged communication allows for clients to ask counselors to keep their communications and records of their counseling sessions confidential. Privilege belongs to the client and the counselor asserts privilege for the client. According to Glosoff (2002), the already complex issue of privileges communication for school counselors is made even more complex by who has the privilege when counseling a minor. Parents of minors rather than minor clients are assumed to control privilege. School Counselors are sometimes subpoenaed for court appearances when the parent’s do not agree on whether the counselors presence is necessary in the testimony o r a parental custody dispute may be the heart of the legal proceeding. The ACA and ASCA recognize that school counselors have limits to their ability to protect client confidences. School Counselors must not only be mindful of their ethical duties but cooperate with any laws that that apply to them as well. The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) establishes that parents control the rights of students under the age of 18 (Iyer, McGregor & Connor, 2010).This includes any of the student’s records such as grades, awards and date of birth. Decisions about the release of these records are based under exceptions under FERPA and also the parent’s consent. However, most records regarding the student are held in safe places where other school officials do not have or need access. Another law that school counselors must keep in mind is HIPAA. This law was enacted to protect patient’s health information. In relation to school counselors, the student’s me dical records are being protected. The issue of confidentiality in Child Study Teams has become an ethical dilemma for many school counselors.The school counselor must decide on what to disclose and what information to inquire about based on each member’s rights and responsibilities. Deciding what to reveal and what to keep confidential can be a hard and difficult task for school counselors. Clinical Therapists face many ethical and legal issues with regards to confidentiality as well. Clinical Therapists are different from School Counselors in their role with minors because the only stakeholder involved with the therapist in most cases is the parent. According to Ellis (2009), minor’s right to confidentiality is an area at times, which ethics and the law are in conflict.One of these ethical dilemmas arises in the area client privilege. In the case of minors, this privilege extends to the parents who act as representatives to their dependent children. Clinical Therapis t struggle with maintaining confidentiality for their minor clients especially when the law is on the side of the parents because they have the right to know. Stone & Issacs (2003) suggest that in order to deal with ethical issues regarding confidentiality and minors therapists should prepare a written professional services agreement which provides details on the limits and conditions of confidentiality.At this point the parent can be involved in their child’s treatment in various ways. One of the ways that parents can be involved is through periodical family sessions. In the clinical counseling setting, there are often conflicts between duties of confidentiality and the need to share information with parents or other agencies that provide care for a child or adolescent. There can also be ethical conflicts between duties of confidentiality, grounded in respect for patient autonomy, and both statutory and moral obligations to report child abuse, which are grounded in duties of care and protection (Kaplan, 2005).One issue which troubles some clinical therapists is a statutory obligation to report consensual sexual relationships that adolescents are engaged in with adults irrespective of whether they are clinically judged to be abusive, because they can be framed in many child protection statutes or guidance as constituting abuse. (Ellis, 2009). There are some similarities between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings. One similarity is that in both settings counselors must follow the same ethical guidelines for breaching confidentiality.Breaching confidentiality is allowed by ethical codes in special or extreme circumstances (Lazovsky, 2008). In both settings counselors must carefully deliberate over the circumstances that are presented to them by the minor client in the counseling sessions. The counselor should then decide whether or not to breach confidentiality. This ethical dilemma is a difficult issue that many co unselors are faced with in both clinical and school settings.Another similarity between counseling minors in both school and clinical settings is that counselors must often consult with other staff members in both settings for the benefit of the children that they serve. It is important for counselors to educate other non-mental health staff members that they must keep confidential any personal information they learn about children as a result of their professional positions (Rehmley & Herley, 2010). If any information were to be disclosed outside of the school or clinical settings, it could be lead to grounds for a lawsuit.There are some differences between confidentiality and counseling minors in both school and clinical settings as well. One difference is that counselors in clinical settings encounter fewer ethical issues around confidentiality and minors because parents usually have given legal consent for the counselor to work with the client. However in the school setting, Reh mley & Herley (2010) state that the counselor often does not have a legal obligation to obtain parental permission before counseling students unless there is a federal or state statute to the contrary.Another difference between confidentiality and minors in the school and clinical setting is in the clinical setting the counseling process may be limited to the counselor, the minor client and the parents. Most minor clients who are placed in clinical treatment facilities will be unable to make crucial decisions for themselves. The privilege of informed consent will be given to the parent and the parent will operate in the child’s best interests (Glosoff & Pate, 2002). Counselors in both clinical and school settings find the ethical and legal issues of confidentiality difficult because there are constant conflicts between the law and ethics.One issue that counselors find causes tension between law and ethics is whether children have the right to enter into a counseling relations hip without parental consent. According to Rehmley & Herley (2010), every child has a moral right to privacy in the counseling relationship. Kaplan (2005) believes that children should have the same rights to confidentiality as adult clients. However, counselors constantly struggle between the ethical obligation of privacy to their minor clients and their legal obligation to the parents of the same minor clients to keep their child protected and safe.There are some ways that counselors are able to deal with these ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors. One recommendation that was made by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010) is to develop and maintain a strong informed consent policy. Informed consent is a process that is an ongoing process and should begin before the counseling process begins. According to Glosoff & Pate (2002), it is beneficial in both settings to develop a written informed consent policy so that it can be given to parents and anyone else who is involved in the clients counseling process.This is beneficial because all parties involved in the process will know about confidentiality and also what to expect. Another recommendation that was suggested by Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010) is to educate all members that are involved in the minor client’s counseling process about the importance of confidentiality. In this way there will be a reduction in the likelihood of difficult situations posed by ethical dilemmas developing in the first place. An explanation of confidentiality would be a great addition to an orientation to parents, teachers or other non-mental health professionals.They would know what to expect with regards to confidentiality in counseling sessions with minors. Another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is to send out educational newsletters and emails. This suggestion takes a proactive stance towards the ethical and legal issue of confidentiality and minors and it helps to avoid the possible ethical dilemma before it occurs (Glosoff &Pate, 2002).Some possible items that could be included in these newsletters or emails may be a definition of confidentiality, one’s informed consent policy, state regulations or law’s regarding confidentiality and a summary of ASCA’s and ACA’s ethics statements for counselors. Lastly, another suggestion that was discussed in the literature in relation to ethical and legal dilemmas regarding confidentiality and minors is for counselors to develop a strong network of professionals that counselors can confide in and ask advice when they encounter an ethical dilemma (Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor 2010; Glosoff & Pate, 2002).This network may include school psychologists, local psychologists, counseling professionals and any who works within a similar field. According to Iyer, Baxter-McGregor & Connor (2010), a counselor may u se a common framework such Kitchener’s five moral principles regarding ethical decision making. The five moral principal’s are autonomy, justice (fairness), beneficence (doing good), non-maleficence (doing no harm) and fidelity (keeping promises).Another ethical decision making model that can be followed is by Forester-Miller and Davis which is to 1) Identify the problem, 2) Apply one’s professional code of ethics, 3) Determine the nature and decisions of the dilemma, 4) Generate potential courses of action, 5) Consider the potential consequences of all options and choose a course of action 6) Evaluate the selected course of action and 7) Implement the course of action. Counselors in both clinical and school setting have a tremendous amount of responsibility to uphold when they are counseling minors.The ethical and legal issues that arise for this group can sometimes differ and also be contradictory to each other. It is the responsibility of the counselors to pr epare themselves and all parties involved in the counseling process with the knowledge that is necessary in regards to confidentiality and minors. In many cases when the counselor is left to choose the right course of action in regards to confidentiality, the outcome will inevitable benefit the client. References American Counseling Association. (2005). Code of ethics and standards of practice (Rev. ed. ) Alexandria, VA: Author.American School Counselor Association. (2010). Ethical standards for school counselors. Retrieved from http://www. schoolcounselor. org/content. asp? contentid=17 Barnett, J. E. (2008). The ethical practice of psychotherapy: Easily within our reach. Journal Of Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 569-575. doi:10. 1002/jclp. 20473 Ellis, E. M. (2009). Should a psychotherapist be compelled to release an adolescent’s treatment records to a parent in a contested custody case?. Professional Psychology: Research And Practice, 40(6), 557-563. doi:10. 1037/a0017419 Glo soff, H. L. , & Pate, R. r. (2002).Privacy and confidentiality in school counseling. Professional School Counseling, 6(1), 20-27. Iyer, N. N. , Baxter-McGregor, J. & Connor, A. R. (2010). Ethical dilemmas for the school counselor: balancing student confidentiality and parents’ right to know. New York State School Counselor Association, 7(2), 17-22. Kaplan, A. I. (2005). Therapist-Patient Privilege: Who Owns the Privilege?. Journal Of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 11(1/2), 135-143. doi:10. 1300/J146v11n0111 Lazovsky, R. (2008). Maintaining confidentiality with minors: Dilemmas of school counselors. Professional School Counseling, 11(5), 335-346. oi:10. 5330/PSC. n. 2010-11. 335 Mitchell, C. W. , Disque, J. , & Robertson, P. (2002). When parents want to know: Responding to parental demands for confidential information. Professional School Counseling, 6(2), 156-161. Rehmley, T. P. , & Herlihy, B. (2010). Ethical, Legal and Professional Issues in Counseling. Merrill; New Yor k. Stone, C. , & Isaacs, M. L. (2003). Confidentiality with minors: The need for policy to promote and protect. The Journal Of Educational Research, 96(3), 140-150. doi:10. 1080/00220670309598802 Confidentiality and Minors By Neferteria Thomas